Large segments of the US population face persistent inequalities in health care quality and access. Nonwhite physicians care for a disproportionate share of people from underserved populations, thereby helping to reduce disparities in access to care. 1 However, certain racial and ethnic minorities remain underrepresented in the US physician workforce. Blacks make up 14% of the general population but just 4% of physicians; disparities are similar for Hispanics or Latinos (17% of the population vs. 4% of physicians) and American Indians or Alaska Natives (2% of the population vs.< 0.4% of physicians). 2 Between 1997 and 2017, the number of matriculating students at US allopathic and osteopathic medical schools who were from racial and ethnic groups underrepresented in medicine increased by 30%(from 2850 to 3713). Because overall matriculation in medical school increased by 54%(from 18,857 to 29,118), however, the proportion of entering medical students who were from underrepresented groups actually dropped from 15% to 13%(see table). As a result, the rate of medical school attendance among members of underrepresented groups fell by nearly 20%(from 4.3 to 3.5 per 100,000 people), and the absolute numbers of black male medical students and American Indian or Alaska Native medical students decreased—signs that medical education is losing ground with respect to diversity and inclusion. Not surprisingly, the same populations that are underrepresented in medicine continue to experience stark health disparities. There is growing evidence that minority patients report better communication, greater satisfaction, and better adherence to medical treatment when they are cared for by racially and linguistically concordant physicians. A recent study showed that increasing the number of black physicians could reduce the gap in cardiovascular mortality between black men and white men in the United States by 19% and the gap in life expectancy by approximately 8%. 3 Such potential gains in health equity are of growing importance to health plans, payers, and providers. Medical schools can prepare the workforce to care for a socioeconomically divided, racially and ethnically diverse populace by redoubling their efforts to recruit applicants from underrepresented groups. To do so, however, schools will have to fundamentally change the way they evaluate applicants. Disparities in medical school admissions encompass more than